Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41710726›Full record

ArticlePsychology research and behavior management2026

Beyond Stigma-Integrating Neurobiology, Genetics, and Awareness Integration Theory in Addiction Recovery.

Kenneth Blum, Mark S Gold, Nicole Jafari, Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Alireza Sharafshah, Kavya Mohankumar, Morgan P Lorio, Abdalla Bowirrat, Albert Pinhasov, Kyriaki Z Thanos and 8 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Psychology research and behavior management, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Kenneth BlumCenter for Exercise and Sport Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6727-803X
Mark S GoldDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-4713-3751
Nicole JafariDepartment of Applied Clinical Psychology, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Los Angeles, CA., USA.
Kai-Uwe LewandrowskiCenter for Advanced Spine Care of Southern Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-7842-2914
Alireza SharafshahCellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.ORCID 0000-0001-8048-9587
Kavya MohankumarDivision of Clinical Neurology, The Kenneth Blum Institute of Neurogenetics and Behavior, LLC, Austin, Tx., USA.
Morgan P LorioAdvanced Orthopedics, Altamonte Springs, FL., USA.ORCID 0009-0008-0619-1799
Abdalla BowirratDepartment of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.ORCID 0000-0001-8185-0688
Albert PinhasovDepartment of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.ORCID 0000-0001-8116-4565
Kyriaki Z ThanosBehavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY., USA.
Igor ElmanDepartment of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.ORCID 0000-0002-1345-2677
David BaronCenter for Exercise and Sport Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.
Catherine A DennenDepartment of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA., USA.
Brian FuehrleinDepartment of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT., USA.
Alexander P L LewandrowskiDepartment of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts & Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA., USA.
Edward J ModestinoBrain & Behavior Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Curry College, Milton, MA., USA.
Panayotis K ThanosDepartment of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
Foojan ZeineDepartment of Health Science, California State University, Long Beach, CA., USA.ORCID 0009-0006-7709-5580

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Addiction continues to be heavily stigmatized due to lingering misconceptions that frame substance use as a moral failing rather than a treatable neurobiological disorder. This stigma, when internalized, intensifies shame and obstructs recovery. Awareness Integration Theory, a multidisciplinary therapeutic model, addresses these internalized beliefs by identifying and integrating fragmented aspects of the self across thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and promotes self-awareness, emotional regulation, and cognitive restructuring, critical components in reducing shame and fostering resilience. This paper explores the interplay between self-perception, shame, resilience, and biological predisposition in addiction recovery. Research shows that shame-prone individuals are more likely to relapse, while guilt-prone individuals demonstrate greater capacity for change. Resilience, cultivated through self-forgiveness, social support, and neuroplastic interventions, mitigates the impact of shame. Genetic variants and epigenetic modifications influence reward deficiency syndrome, increasing vulnerability to addiction. The Genetic Addiction Risk Severity test can identify at-risk individuals, enabling precision-targeted interventions. Awareness Integration Therapy's integrative framework complements genomic and neurobiological insights by fostering self-acceptance, enhancing insight into unconscious belief systems, and motivating purposeful action. Neuroimaging studies support the role of resilience-based practices, including those embedded in Alcoholics Anonymous, in promoting dopamine homeostasis and neural recovery. In conclusion, stigma reduction must advance alongside personalized medicine. Integrating Awareness Integration Therapy with genetic screening, trauma-informed care, and psychoeducation offers a comprehensive, compassionate approach. Reframing addiction as a brain-based, treatable condition empowers clients and families, facilitating sustainable recovery grounded in science and self-awareness.

Indexed as

addictionAITawareness integration theoryGARSgenetic addiction risk severityshamestigmasubstance abuse

Identifiers

PMID41710726
PMCPMC12911994

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.