ArticleFrontiers in human neuroscience2026
Olfactory perception and wellbeing across hormonal contraceptive users and menstrual cycle phases.
Article in Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Hormonal fluctuations are known to influence olfactory performance, but the effects of oral contraceptive (OC) use remain unclear. This study examined 98 women aged 18-40, including OC users and naturally cycling women, using the Sniffin' Sticks test-a standardized assessment of olfactory threshold, discrimination, and identification-and self-report measures of life satisfaction and subjective happiness to capture emotional factors linked to olfaction. All participants were evaluated at two standardized time points: for naturally cycling women, during the periovulatory and luteal phases; for OC users, during the corresponding active and inactive phases of the pill cycle; and for continuous users, at matched intervals. OC users were categorized by hormonal formulation (ethinylestradiol 0.02 mg, ethinylestradiol 0.03 mg, estradiol valerate, or progestogen-only pills) and regimen (cyclical or continuous). No overall differences in olfactory performance were found between OC users and non-users. Exploratory analyses indicated that women using estradiol valerate-based oral contraceptives tended to show higher threshold and TDI scores compared to other regimens, a pattern that warrants further investigation given the limited sample size (
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