Temporal dynamics: A systematic review and meta-analysis of time intervals in time-based prospective memory and their connection to time perception.

Farkhondeh Fakour Manavi, Paul D Loprinzi, Rebekah E Smith

Abstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review

In one paragraph

Synthesis in Psychonomic bulletin & review, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

1citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

Time-based prospective memory impairment in adults who smoke: the role of internal and external attention and cue-based intervention.Psychopharmacology · 2026
Article

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Farkhondeh Fakour ManaviDepartment of Psychology, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA. ffakour@go.olemiss.edu.

Paul D LoprinziDepartment of Exercise Science, University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.

Rebekah E SmithDepartment of Psychology, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677, USA. rebekah@olemiss.edu.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Time-based prospective memory refers to the ability to remember activities at a specified future time. In our everyday lives, certain time-based tasks need to be completed within a short time period, while others are meant for a more distant future. We report the findings from two separate but related reviews regarding the temporal dynamics of time-based prospective memory. The first included a systematic and meta-analytic review of the impact of short versus long time intervals on the time-based prospective memory performance. Ninety-three comparisons were included in the first meta-analysis, revealing a medium effect size associated with time intervals on time-based prospective memory performance, indicating superior performance with shorter delay intervals. The second section of this report comprises a review and meta-analysis of the correlation between time-based prospective memory and individuals' perception of time. The findings from 18 comparisons in the second part of the study suggest a negative correlation between time-based prospective memory and time perception. In summary, the results of these reviews provide evidence of the influence of short and long time intervals on time-based prospective memory performance and highlights the connection between time-based prospective memory performance and individuals' time perception. The findings, which are considered in relation to theoretical explanations of time-based prospective memory, point to several avenues for future study.

Indexed as

Memory, EpisodicTime PerceptionHumansTime FactorsDelay intervalTime-based prospective memoryTime intervalTime perception

Identifiers

PMID41709054

DOI10.3758/s13423-025-02822-2

PMCPMC12916548

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.