ArticleAnalytica chimica acta2026
Understanding sub-cellular mechanochemical correlations of the neonatal extrahepatic bile duct extracellular matrix by atomic force microscope-Infrared spectroscopy.
Article in Analytica chimica acta, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Matrix stiffness may drive multi-cellular crosstalk via YAP signaling in biliary atresia liver fibrosis: a mechanistic review.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe neonatal extrahepatic bile duct (EHBD) is highly susceptible to injury and fibrotic remodeling, yet the sub-cellular mechanochemical basis of this vulnerability remains poorly understood. Atomic force microscopy coupled with infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) enables simultaneous mapping of stiffness and molecular composition at sub-micron resolution, providing new insight into extracellular matrix (ECM) heterogeneity. Here, we investigate how spatial variation in ECM structure and mechanics differs between neonatal and adult rat EHBDs to determine the mechanochemical features that may underlie neonatal susceptibility to injury.
resultsAFM-IR spectral and nanomechanical mapping revealed that neonatal ECM is compositionally and mechanically heterogeneous, characterized by spatial gradients in stiffness and molecular composition across the duct wall. Spectral analysis revealed pronounced regional heterogeneity in neonatal ECM: lumican and hyaluronic acid (HA) were enriched in the outer submucosa near the duct wall, whereas non-fibromodulin (FMOD) matrix proteins predominated in the inner submucosa adjacent to the lumen. In contrast, adult EHBDs exhibited a more uniform and collagen-rich ECM with higher and more consistent stiffness. Principal component analysis (PCA) of AFM-IR spectra distinguished neonatal and adult ducts based on amide, carbonyl, and side-chain IR features, suggesting differences in ECM composition and organization. Nanomechanical mapping showed that neonatal ECM was significantly softer and more heterogeneous, with the lowest apparent Young's modulus near the duct edge. Random forest regression linked local stiffness to distinct chemical signatures, amide III features in neonatal inner submucosa and amide I, II, and carbonyl vibrations in the outer wall. SIGNIFICANCE: Neonatal EHBDs possess immature and spatially heterogeneous ECM organization that compromises mechanical integrity and may predispose the duct to cholangiopathies such as biliary atresia. This work establishes AFM-IR as a powerful mechanochemical tool for linking ECM composition to tissue vulnerability and remodeling in developing soft tissues.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.