ArticleBMJ global health2026
Digital device usage and its association with health among Mongolian adolescents.
Article in BMJ global health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
introductionThe American Academy of Pediatrics and an editorial in
methodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in secondary schools using Google Forms, with data collected from January to February 2024. The analysis included 558 consenting participants (aged 11-17 years; 69.8% female). Self-reported daily usage was categorised as low (0-3 hours), moderate (4-6) or prolonged (≥7). Health measures included physical health (glasses use, eye dryness or redness, headaches) and mental/emotional health (sleep difficulties, anxiety, stress, happiness). Adjusted ORs were estimated using multivariable logistic regression models.
resultsProlonged usage (vs low) was associated with higher odds of glasses use (OR, 3.03; 95% CI 1.48 to 6.22), eye dryness or redness (OR, 2.09; 95% CI 1.40 to 3.14), headaches (OR, 2.27; 95% CI 1.10 to 4.87), sleep difficulties (OR, 5.09; 95% CI 2.29 to 11.28) and happiness during use (OR, 4.70; 95% CI 1.84 to 14.61). Parental control and self-awareness were associated with reduced prolonged usage. Regular exercise was associated with fewer headaches for moderate users but not for prolonged users. Both prolonged and moderate usage for entertainment or socialising purposes was associated with greater happiness compared with low usage, with no significant difference between prolonged and moderate usage. No such association was observed for e-learning or other purposes.
conclusionProlonged digital device usage was associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes among Mongolian adolescents, though it may enhance happiness in specific contexts. Exercise was associated with fewer headaches, but only for moderate users. Families and schools should collaborate to implement parental controls, promote self-awareness and encourage exercise.
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