ArticleCell reports. Medicine2026
Bacterial vesicles from intratumoral L. salivarius enhance PD-1 blockade via FPR1-mediated macrophage polarization in gastric cancer.
Article in Cell reports. Medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Extracellular vesicles in solid tumors: from tumor ecology to engineered therapeutics.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Bacterial and gut microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles as emerging sources of cancer biomarkers: molecular mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic applications.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Exosome-orchestrated network in gastric cancer: mechanisms, immune regulation, biomarkers and therapeutic vehicles.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
- Immune modulation in gastric cancer: from macrophage polarization to immunotherapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment: mechanisms of crosstalk between regulated cell death macrophages.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Mechanoresponsive reprogramming of tumor-associated macrophages during cancer progression.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The immunomodulatory function of the gastric microbiota in cancer is poorly understood, partly due to the stomach's acidic environment and limited microbial colonization. Here, by analyzing 68 paired human gastric cancer (GC) samples, we identify Ligilactobacillus salivarius as a commensal bacterium depleted in tumors but enriched in immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) responders. Oral administration of L. salivarius enhances anti-PD-1 efficacy in multiple GC mouse models by promoting pro-inflammatory macrophage activation. Mechanistically, bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) derived from L. salivarius deliver 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate-dependent phosphoglycerate mutase (2,3-BdpM) to tumors, where it activates formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) on macrophages, triggering mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling. Moreover, 2,3-BdpM augments the cytotoxic activity of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-Claudin18.2
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Registered trials
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