ReviewJournal of endocrinological investigation2026
Impact of estroprogestin therapies on bone health from adolescence to postmenopause.
Review in Journal of endocrinological investigation, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEstrogens are fundamental to bone health, exerting life-long effects onbone metabolism. They regulate skeletal growth and maturation during adolescence andmaintain bone remodeling in adulthood. The decline in estrogen levels during perimenopauseand postmenopause leads to bone mass loss. Emerging evidence also supports a role forprogestins in bone metabolism. Several estrogen-progestins formulations are available andwidely used for contraception in fertile women and as hormone replacement therapy (HRT) incases of primary or secondary ovarian insufficiency as well as in physiologic menopause.Advances in both synthetic and natural preparations allowed for more personalized treatmentapproaches. When selecting estrogen-progestin therapies, it is essential to consider their impacton bone health and remodelling.
objectiveThis narrative review examines the effects of variousestrogen-progestin regimens on bone metabolism across the female lifespan, focusing on mechanisms of action, safety profiles, and clinical applications. Here we show that combined oralcontraceptives (COCs) are generally safe for bone mineral density (BMD) in adult women;however, caution is advised in adolescence, especially with very low-dose estrogen formulations.In hypogonadal women, postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is key forosteoporosis prevention. Physiological regimens, preferably transdermal estrogen at doseshigher than those used in typical postmenopausal therapy, may offer better bone protection.Additionally, oral gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) antagonists combinedwith add-back therapy represent a novel long-term option for managing uterine fibroids andendometriosis without compromising BMD. In postmenopausal women, both HRT and selectiveestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) effectively reduce fracture risk and support bone health. MAIN RESULTS & IMPLICATIONS: Optimizing therapeutic strategies to balance efficacy and safety, iscritical to ensuring personalized care that preserves bone health and enhances quality of lifeacross a woman's lifespan.
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