ArticleJournal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence2026
The longitudinal trajectory of learned helplessness among adolescent students: The role of parental autonomy support and control.
Article in Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This study investigated the longitudinal trajectory of learned helplessness in academic settings during adolescence, examined the generalizability of this trajectory across students' demographic and academic backgrounds, and assessed the role of parental autonomy support and psychological control in predicting learned helplessness at each time point. We analyzed five waves of large-scale panel data following Korean adolescent students (N = 2590) from Grade 7 to Grade 11. Our second-order latent basis growth modeling indicated that adolescent students tend to experience a significant, steady increase in helplessness from Grade 7 to Grade 11. In addition, both students' prior academic achievement and family income negatively predicted the intercept of learned helplessness. The contemporaneous effects of parental autonomy support and psychological control on learned helplessness were significant and in the expected directions at all time points: higher autonomy support was associated with lower learned helplessness, whereas higher psychological control was associated with higher helplessness. Notably, parental control exhibited a significant escalating effect, such that its detrimental effect on learned helplessness became stronger over time, whereas the protective effect of parental autonomy support remained stable. This study provides theoretical and practical implications, highlighting the roles of parental autonomy support and control in shaping adolescents' learned helplessness over time.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.