Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41703566›Full record

ArticleHarm reduction journal2026

HIV testing trend and associated factors among people who inject drugs in Iran (2010-2020).

Parya Jangipour Afshar, Mohammad Karamouzian, Ali Akbar Haghdoost, Mehrdad Khezri, Ali Mirzazadeh, Fatemeh Tavakoli, Mostafa Shokoohi, Soheil Mehmandoost, Nima Ghalekhani, Hossein Mirzaei and 1 more

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Article in Harm reduction journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Parya Jangipour AfsharHIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Mohammad KaramouzianCentre On Drug Policy Evaluation, MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Ali Akbar HaghdoostSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Mehrdad KhezriHIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Ali MirzazadehHIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Fatemeh TavakoliHIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Mostafa ShokoohiHIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Soheil MehmandoostHIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Nima GhalekhaniHIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Hossein MirzaeiHIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. hosseinmirzaei64@yahoo.com.
Hamid SharifiHIV/STI Surveillance Research Center, and WHO Collaborating Center for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. sharifihami@gmail.com.

Funding

International Traineeships in AIDS Prevention Studies (ITAPS)R25MH123256 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI CHRISTINA P LINDAN · 2020 to 2026
$1.8M
NIMH NIH HHS R25 MH123256
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundHIV testing is critical for HIV prevention and treatment among PWID and their social networks. This study aimed to examine the trend of HIV testing among PWID in Iran. We also assessed the factors associated with HIV testing in 2020.

methodsThis study used data from three consecutive nationwide bio-behavioral surveillance surveys (BBSS) of PWID conducted between 2010 and 2020. The primary outcome variable was a history of HIV testing and having received the results within the past 12 months. Cochran-Armitage trend test was used to assess the trend of HIV testing over the years. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models were used to investigate factors associated with HIV testing in 2020.

resultsA total of 6887 HIV-negative PWID (2206 in 2010, 2092 in 2014, and 2589 in 2020) were included in the analysis. The uptake of HIV testing increased significantly from 25.1% (95% CI 23.9%, 27.6%) in 2010 to 30.0% (95% CI 28.0%, 32.0%) in 2014, and 39.3% (95% CI 37.4%, 41.2%) in 2020 (p < 0.001). In 2020, people with unstable employment (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.35, 95% CI 1.70, 3.25) had higher odds of HIV testing than those with stable employment. Also, the age at first drug use ≥ 18 years (AOR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.13, 1.80), and sufficient HIV knowledge (AOR = 1.71, 95% CI 1.37, 2.14) were significantly associated with higher odds of HIV testing.

conclusionsDespite the increasing trend, HIV testing among PWID in Iran remains considerably low. Policies and strategies, such as HIV self-testing, expansion of harm reduction services to include HIV testing, and encouraging HIV testing among PWID, are required to increase HIV testing uptake in this population. Targeted interventions focusing on raising knowledge about the importance of HIV testing may contribute to further increased testing uptake among PWID.

Indexed as

HIV InfectionsHIV TestingMass ScreeningSubstance Abuse, IntravenousAdultFemaleHumansIranMaleMiddle AgedYoung AdultHIV diagnosisHIV testingIranPeople who inject drugsSubstance use

Identifiers

PMID41703566
PMCPMC13015152

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.