Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41703007›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Social comparison and maladaptive emotion regulation are associated with poorer mental health in social media users.

Ruth Castillo-Gualda, Steve Rathje, Juan Ramos-Cejudo

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Ruth Castillo-GualdaFaculty of Health Sciences, HM Hospitals (CUHMED), University Camilo Jose Cela, Villafranca del Castillo, 28692, Spain. rcastillo@ucjc.edu.
Steve RathjeDepartment of Psychology, New York University, New York, USA.
Juan Ramos-CejudoFaculty of Health Sciences, HM Hospitals (CUHMED), University Camilo Jose Cela, Villafranca del Castillo, 28692, Spain.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The ubiquity of social technologies in daily life has intensified concerns about their psychological impact. Emerging evidence points to the quality of engagement and the psychological processes that social media use activates. This study examined these processes in a nationally representative sample of 1,707 adults aged 16-75 (M = 44.5, SD = 14.8), 50.40% females. Objective screen-time verification was complemented with validated self-report questionnaires measuring anxiety and depression symptomatology, anger reactions and displaced aggression, social comparison, and maladaptive emotion regulation. Data were analyzed using correlation analyses, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), and path analysis. Findings revealed consistent gender differences: women spent more time online and reported higher levels of social comparison and maladaptive regulation strategies. Cohort analyses showed Generation Z to be most vulnerable, scoring highest on social comparison, maladaptive strategies such as rumination and catastrophizing, and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and anger, whereas Boomers consistently reported the lowest levels. Our work also shows that mental health indicators such as anxiety, depression, and anger are more strongly associated with social media time when higher use co-occurs with greater social comparison and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. These findings are interpreted considering emerging work on digital emotion regulation, suggesting that the quality of engagement may be more relevant than sheer time online. The present work refines the ongoing debate on screen time, underscoring the importance of fostering emotional regulation to promote healthier and more adaptive engagement in today's hyperconnected digital world.

Indexed as

Emotional RegulationMental HealthSocial ComparisonSocial MediaAdolescentAdultAgedAnxietyDepressionDigital MediaEmotionsFemaleHumansMaleMedia ExposureMiddle AgedEmotion regulationGender differencesGenerational cohortsMental health outcomesSocial comparisonSocial media use

Identifiers

PMID41703007
PMCPMC13004860

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.