ArticleESMO open2026
Gut microbiome-driven modulation of the tumor immune microenvironment optimizes dual checkpoint blockade in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.
Article in ESMO open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Inflammation and carcinogenesis: molecular targets and small-molecule intervention strategies.Journal of enzyme inhibition and medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Regulation of PD-1PD-L1 Immune Checkpoints by Gut Microbiota Metabolites and Their Clinical Translational Research: A Review.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDual checkpoint blockade with ipilimumab plus nivolumab (I-N), with or without chemotherapy, has shown clinical efficacy for treating advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, its benefits are limited to a subset of patients. The gut microbiome influences immune responses and may impact the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors, thus warranting further investigation. MATERIALS AND
methodsThis prospective study enrolled 50 patients with NSCLC who were treated with I-N, with and without chemotherapy. Gut microbiota diversity and composition were assessed from fecal samples collected before treatment initiation, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were evaluated using multiplex immunofluorescence staining. Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and objective response rate were analyzed alongside gut microbiota characteristics and treatment regimens.
resultsHigh gut microbiota diversity was associated with improved outcomes in patients receiving I-N alone and with greater CD8+ TIL infiltration, particularly PD-1+CD8+ TILs. Responders receiving I-N alone showed enrichment of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, which were linked to favorable metabolic pathways associated with antitumor immune responses. In contrast, the association between gut microbiota diversity and treatment efficacy was not observed in patients treated with I-N plus chemotherapy. Antibiotic use before treatment was independently associated with shorter PFS and OS across all treatment regimens.
conclusionsGut microbiota diversity and SCFA-producing bacteria are associated with improved efficacy of I-N. Baseline gut microbiota diversity may help identify patients who are more likely to have improved outcomes with I-N plus chemotherapy than with I-N alone. These findings highlight the potential of gut microbiota as a novel biomarker for dual checkpoint blockade in NSCLC may contribute to advancing personalized medicine.
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