Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41701844›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2026

Wireless soft implantable pressure sensors based on liquid metal with large-area mapping and adaptive implantation capabilities.

Min-Gu Kim, Pyungwoo Yeon, Sara Rachel Arussy Ruth, Jaeho Park, Jiancheng Lai, Donglai Zhong, Chengyi Xu, Jayoung Kim, Amin Arbabian, Paige M Fox and 1 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Min-Gu Kim *Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.ORCID 0000-0001-6038-1448
Pyungwoo Yeon *Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
Sara Rachel Arussy RuthDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
Jaeho ParkDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
Jiancheng LaiDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
Donglai ZhongDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
Chengyi XuDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
Jayoung KimDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
Amin ArbabianDepartment of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
Paige M FoxDivision of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94304.
Zhenan BaoDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.ORCID 0000-0002-0972-1715

Funding

Ministry of Science and ICT, National Research Foundation, South Korea RS-2024-00338772Ministry of Science and ICT, National Research Foundation, South Korea RS-2024-00461583
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Innovations in soft materials have advanced the development of implantable devices for pressure monitoring, but fabrication and integration challenges remain, such as limited patterning resolution and poor scalability, hindering their miniaturization and wireless sensing capabilities. This study introduces methods and advantageous features of incorporating liquid metal into microfabriated, wireless soft implantable pressure sensors and wearable readout systems for large-area pressure mapping and adaptive implantation with autonomous folding and self-healing capabilities. Eutectic gallium-indium, a type of liquid metal, serves as both the deformable electrode for capacitive sensors and a low-resistance conductor for inductors. It is integrated into a thin-film, battery-free, inductive-capacitive wireless sensing platform. Scalable wireless sensor arrays are created through microfabrication for large-area pressure mapping. The wireless pressure sensor is also integrated with soft ferromagnetic and self-healing layers in cuff-type sensors to allow for autonomous folding in response to external magnets, eliminating the need for suturing. In addition, a miniaturized wearable readout system integrated into medical gloves enables wireless and real-time pressure monitoring. The presented wireless soft pressure-sensing method with large-area mapping and secure implantation capabilities offers alternatives to conventional medical tools for intraoperative monitoring and examinations.

Indexed as

Prostheses and ImplantsWearable Electronic DevicesWireless TechnologyEquipment DesignHumansPressureadaptive implantationarterial blood pulseliquid metalpressure mappingwireless pressure sensor

Identifiers

PMID41701844
PMCPMC12933088

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.