Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41701311›Full record

ArticlePhysical and engineering sciences in medicine2026

An open-source motion platform that replicates time synchronised internal and external patient motion for real-time image-guided radiotherapy.

Alicja Kaczynska, Chris Kuban, Abbas Zahr, William Nixon, Paul Keall, Freeman Jin, Ann Yan, Daniel Mason, Maegan Stewart, Julia Johnson and 2 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Physical and engineering sciences in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Alicja Kaczynska *Image X Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. alicja.kaczynska@sydney.edu.au.
Chris Kuban *Image X Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Abbas ZahrImage X Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
William NixonImage X Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Paul KeallImage X Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Freeman JinImage X Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Ann YanImage X Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Daniel MasonNepean Cancer and Wellness Centre, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
Maegan StewartNorthern Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
Julia JohnsonImage X Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Jonathan HindmarshImage X Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Chandrima SenguptaImage X Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Real-time Image-guided Radiotherapy (IGRT) technologies aim to track intra-fractional tumour motion during delivery of high radiation doses to tumours. For the development and safe implementation of real-time IGRT technologies into the clinic, there is a need for robust and repeatable quality assurance (QA) devices. Motivated by this need, this work presents the development and characterisation of a novel time-synchronised motion platform designed for QA purposes of real-time IGRT technologies that perform combined internal and external patient motion monitoring. The Internal-External Robotic Actuator (IntERAct) QA device was developed to integrate a 6-degree-of-freedom (6DoF) robotic arm with a 1-degree-of-freedom (1DoF) motion actuator, which replicate 6DoF internal tumour and 1DoF external surface movements, respectively. The IntERAct device was validated by performing tests which replicated patient-measured lung and liver motion traces on the 6DoF and 1DoF platforms. The device synchronised the internal and external motions to within 0.1 s with under two-millimetre geometric accuracy. The full details of the IntERAct device have been compiled into an open-source repository on GitHub for the medical physics community to use: https://github.com/Image-X-Institute/IntERAct .

Indexed as

MotionRadiotherapy, Image-GuidedHumansMovementRoboticsTime Factors6 Degree-of-freedom quality assuranceIntrafraction motionMotion platformReal-time image guided radiotherapyRobotic motion phantom

Identifiers

PMID41701311
PMCPMC13375772

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.