ArticleBMC chemistry2026
Environmentally sustainable UV spectrophotometric-chemometric approach for simultaneous determination of budesonide, glycopyrrolate, and formoterol.
Article in BMC chemistry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This study introduces a sustainable UV-spectrophotometric platform for the simultaneous and individual determination of budesonide (BUD), glycopyrrolate (GLY), and formoterol fumarate (FOM) in pharmaceutical inhalers. Current chromatographic approaches for this triple therapy rely on toxic solvents and complex procedures, limiting their suitability for routine pharmaceutical analysis. The proposed method replaces hazardous solvents with an ethanol-water system, reducing organic solvent use by 95% and energy demand by ~ 80%. To further enhance efficiency, a grid-based experimental design was integrated with chemometric modeling, reducing experimental runs by 60% while maintaining analytical rigor. Calibration was linear over 10-50 µg/mL (BUD), 2-10 µg/mL (GLY), and 1-5 µg/mL (FOM), with correlation coefficients (r²) between 0.9998 and 0.9999. Among the evaluated models, Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) provided the highest predictive accuracy (RMSEP = 0.23-0.39, recoveries = 99.8-100.5%, RSD < 1.5%). It was successfully applied to both multi-component (Breztri Aerosphere
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