ArticleBMC research notes2026
Fermented Gallus gallus foot keratin-bone composites as peptide-mineral concentrate for aquafeed: ratio-dependent proximate compositional data.
Article in BMC research notes, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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3 authors.
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Abstract
objectiveThis research establishes baseline compositional data for fermented Gallus gallus foot keratin-bone composites to generate a peptide-mineral concentrate candidate to partially replace other feed ingredients of animal origin in aquaculture. Cofermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (1:1; 5% inoculum) was carried out at 30 °C for 28 days across five keratin-bone composite ratios (T₁-T₅). Proximate parameters-moisture, crude protein, fat, fiber, and ash-were quantified through standardized gravimetric and colorimetric methods; results were subjected to one-way multivariate analysis of variance, univariate analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation analysis.
resultsSignificant compositional differences were observed among treatments (Wilks' Λ = 4.64 × 10⁻¹², p < < 0.001), with large effect sizes for all parameters (η² ≥ 0.87). The highest protein content (76.67%, dry weight) occurred in exclusive keratinous biomass, whereas ash content peaked at 26.26% in exclusive bone residues. Moisture, protein, fat, and fiber positively covaried (r ≥ .934) and contrasted strongly with ash (|r| ≥ 0.905). Formulations may therefore be theoretically tuned to align with dietary strategies for certain ontogenetic stages, pending validation against species-specific requirement data and feeding trials. Validation through in vivo digestibility and amino acid profiling is further recommended; without such validation, the findings remain preliminary and limited to compositional characterization.
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