Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41699465›Full record

ArticleBMC plant biology2026

Frequent origins and unidirectional gene-flow sustain cytotype coexistence in a mixed-ploidy species.

Yujia Shen, Rui Mi, Tongcheng Wang, Dan Wang, Wenkai Li, Ruqi Wang, Ruixin Peng, Yimin Yang, Jiayi Liu, Derek W Dunn and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC plant biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Yujia ShenShaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
Rui MiShaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
Tongcheng WangShaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
Dan WangShaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
Wenkai LiShaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
Ruqi WangShaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
Ruixin PengShaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
Yimin YangShaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
Jiayi LiuShaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
Derek W DunnShaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.
Kang HuangShaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China. huangkang@nwu.edu.cn.
Baoguo LiShaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 32070453National Natural Science Foundation of China 32371563National Natural Science Foundation of China 32570568
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Mixed-ploidy species provide key insights into polyploid plant evolution, but the role of inter-cytotype gene-flow in their establishment and maintenance remains unclear due to the complex polysomic and heterogeneous genetic background of polyploids. Here, we established a mathematical model to describe inter-cytotype gene-flow patterns and validated it with migration rate data from the mixed-ploidy species Chamerion angustifolium. We further assessed the mechanisms underlying cytotype establishment and maintenance by estimating genetic diversity, habitat suitability distribution and population structure. Both the model and genetic analyses revealed that intermediate-level cytotypes (e.g., tetraploids in C. angustifolium) received higher inter-cytotype gene-flow, maintained greater genetic diversity, and harbored more private alleles. Habitat suitability distribution modeling revealed a significantly smaller and overlapping suitable area for polyploids relative to diploids. Genetic structure analyses revealed weak differentiation among cytotypes and a geography-driven clustering pattern, indicating multiple origins of polyploids. Taken together, we hypothesize that incomplete reproductive isolation and weak genetic isolation in C. angustifolium enables inter-cytotype gene-flow. Moreover, cytotype coexistence in mixed-ploidy species is sustained by: (i) unidirectional gene-flow (from diploids to polyploids), (ii) climatic-niche differentiation of polyploid populations, and (iii) frequent origins of polyploids.

Indexed as

Gene FlowOnagraceaePloidiesEcosystemGenetic VariationPolyploidyChamerion angustifoliumGenetic diversity and structureHabitat suitability distributionInter-cytotype gene-flowMixed-ploidy speciesMultiple origins

Identifiers

PMID41699465
PMCPMC13014866

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.