Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41699464›Full record

ReviewNeurorehabilitation and neural repair2026

Neurorehabilitation in the 21st Century: New Science, New Strategies, New Expectations.

Jonathan R Wolpaw, Aiko K Thompson, Monica A Perez, Sumner L Norman, Martin Oudega, Carolee J Winstein

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Neurorehabilitation and neural repair, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Network-oriented neurorehabilitation after stroke: a paradigmatic approach.Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation · 2026
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Jonathan R WolpawNational Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, Albany, NY, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0805-1315
Aiko K ThompsonDepartment of Health Sciences and Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9486-8537
Monica A PerezScientific Chair Arms + Hands Lab, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-8676-3492
Sumner L NormanForest Neurotech, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9945-697X
Martin OudegaDepartment of PTHMS and Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-8430-8704
Carolee J WinsteinDepartment of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9789-4626

Funding

Treating Depression and Enhancing Locomotor Recovery Post-strokeP20GM109040 · NIGMS · MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA · PI KAUTZ, STEVEN A. · 2014 to 2024
$23.5M
SPINAL CIRCUITS &THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEMP01HD032571 · NICHD · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI ENGLISH, ARTHUR W. · 1995 to 2016
$16.2M
Training and DisseminationP41EB018783 · NIBIB · WADSWORTH CENTER · PI Jonathan Rickel Wolpaw · 2014 to 2026
$15.4M
Techniques DevelopmentP2CHD086844 · NICHD · MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA · PI THOMPSON, AIKO · 2015 to 2024
$12.7M
GENERAL PURPOSE BRAIN-COMPUTER INTERFACE(BCI)SYSTEMR01EB000856 · NIBIB · WADSWORTH CENTER · PI SCHALK, GERWIN, WOLPAW, JONATHAN RICKEL · 2002 to 2012
$9.3M
Predicting Ipsilesional Motor Deficits in Stroke with Dynamic Dominance ModelR01HD059783 · NICHD · PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV HERSHEY MED CTR · PI SAINBURG, ROBERT L, WINSTEIN, CAROLEE J · 2010 to 2023
$5.3M
Spinal Reflex Conditioning System for Enhancing Motor Function Recovery After Incomplete Spinal Cord InjuryU44NS114420 · NINDS · BIOCIRCUIT TECHNOLOGIES, INC. · PI Isaac Perry Clements, Aiko Thompson · 2020 to 2026
$5.1M
Spinal Effects of Cortical Stimulation: Mechanisms and Functional ImpactR01NS110577 · NINDS · WADSWORTH CENTER · PI CARP, JONATHAN SAUL, VATO, ALESSANDRO · 2019 to 2023
$4.1M
From Neural Control of Movement to Treatments for Spinal Cord InjuryR35NS122336 · NINDS · REHABILITATION INSTITUTE OF CHICAGO D/B/A SHIRLEY RYAN ABILITYLAB · PI Monica A Perez · 2021 to 2026
$3.6M
SUPRASPINAL CONTROL OF SPINAL CORD PLASTICITYR01HD036020 · NICHD · WADSWORTH CENTER · PI CHEN, XIANG YANG · 1997 to 2012
$3.2M
Supplement to Effects of global brain health on sensorimotor recovery after strokeR01NS115845 · NINDS · UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA · PI LIEW, SOOK-LEI · 2020 to 2024
$3.2M
ADAPTIVE PLASTICITY IN THE SPINAL STRETCH REFLEXR01NS022189 · NINDS · WADSWORTH CENTER · PI WOLPAW, JONATHAN RICKEL · 1985 to 2012
$3.1M
BLRD VA I01 BX002550CSRD VA I01 CX001812NIBIB NIH HHS P41 EB018783NIBIB NIH HHS R01 EB000856NICHD NIH HHS P01 HD032571NICHD NIH HHS P2C HD086844NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD030146NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD036020NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD059783NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD115345NICHD NIH HHS R21 HD118383NICHD NIH HHS R25 HD088157NICHD NIH HHS R41 HD104296NIGMS NIH HHS P20 GM109040NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS022189NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS061823NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS069551NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS110577NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS114279NINDS NIH HHS R01 NS115845NINDS NIH HHS R21 NS120274NINDS NIH HHS R35 NS122336NINDS NIH HHS RF1 NS115845NINDS NIH HHS U01 NS108916NINDS NIH HHS U44 NS114420RRD VA I01 RX002474RRD VA I01 RX002848RRD VA I01 RX003715RRD VA I21 RX004406
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BackgroundNeurorehabilitation is among the most vibrant areas of biomedical research. Its main strategy has been skill-specific practice, which often fails to produce adequate recovery. Now, new recognition of central nervous system (CNS) plasticity, new understanding of skills, and new technologies provide new strategies that enhance the efficacy of practice.ObjectivesThe substrate of a skill is a network of neurons and synapses that extends from cortex to spinal cord and is now called a heksor. A heksor changes continually to maintain the key features of its skill, the attributes that make the skill satisfactory. Muscle activity and kinematics may change; key features are maintained. Heksors share neurons and synapses. Through their concurrent changes, they keep the CNS in a negotiated equilibrium that enables each to maintain its skill. When CNS damage occurs, the goal is to enable damaged heksors to repair themselves.ResultsTwo new strategies enhance the efficacy of skill-specific practice. One increases plasticity. A damaged heksor shapes the additional plasticity through practice. The other targets beneficial plasticity to a critical site in a damaged heksor. This improves practice, enabling the heksor to achieve wider beneficial plasticity. In animals and humans, protocols that combine these strategies with practice enhance lasting recovery.ConclusionsThe challenge is to develop, optimize, and validate these combined protocols. Computational modeling can accelerate the process. Controlled trials and comprehensive outcome assessments are essential. Pre-morbid factors and physiological measures may identify biomarkers that can predict efficacy or guide patient-specific protocol design. Many combined protocols will be noninvasive and suitable for home use.

Indexed as

Neurological RehabilitationNeuronal PlasticityAnimalsHumansRecovery of Functionbrain injuryheksorneuroplasticityneurotechnologyspinal cord injurystroke

Identifiers

PMID41699464
PMCPMC12944605

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
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Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.