Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41698991›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2026

Continuous flow hydroprocessing of waste plastics using ionic liquid catalyst.

Jai Ganesh Ramajayam, Murali Govindarajan, Mangesh Varadarajulu Lakshmipathy, Tinku Baidya, M Sundeep, Rama Bhadri Raju Chekuri, Choon Kit Chan, Xu Yong

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In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Jai Ganesh RamajayamDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522 302, India.
Murali GovindarajanDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522 302, India. muralinitt@gmail.com.
Mangesh Varadarajulu LakshmipathyDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522 302, India. mangesh@kluniversity.in.
Tinku BaidyaDepartment of Chemistry, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522 302, India.
M SundeepDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, MLR Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
Rama Bhadri Raju ChekuriDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Sagi Rama Krishnam Raju Engineering College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, 534204, India.
Choon Kit ChanMechanical Engineering Department, INTI International University, 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.
Xu YongGuangxi Key Laboratory of Sericulture Ecology and Intelligent Technology Application, Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Sericulture and Silk, School of Artificial Intelligence and Smart Manufacturing, Hechi University, Yizhou, China. xuyong@hcnu.edu.cn.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The present study attempted continuous flow hydroprocessing of waste plastics utilizing an ionic liquid-based catalyst to obtain diesel-like hydrocarbon fractions. Continuous flow processing offers higher efficiency and cost-effectiveness for commercial production. The ionic liquid (IL) improves the dispersion of active metal species and enhances mass-transfer properties, enabling efficient product formation at lower temperatures (180 °C) compared to conventional hydroprocessing catalysts (300–450 °C). The catalyst comprised of Palladium metal impregnated on mesoporous SBA-15 silica coated with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BMIM NTf2) ionic liquid. The reaction was performed at 180 °C and 65 bar under H2, with Weight Hourly Space Velocity maintained at 1 h⁻¹. Hydroprocessing resulted in the formation of 52.95% n-paraffins, 21.57% iso-paraffins and 25.48% aromatics as a result of hydrocracking, hydro-isomerisation and hydro-aromatization respectively. The total paraffin and aromatic content of the product (HMWPO) resulted in a 95% similarity to the commercial diesel. Also, the physicochemical properties of HMWPO aligned within EN 590 diesel standards. HMWPO was blended with commercial diesel at 10–40% volumetric ratios. The engine trials of HMWPO offered comparable combustion and emission profiles with diesel. The integrated approach of continuous processing using Pd/SBA-15/BMIM NTf2 catalysis delivered an energy efficient pathway to commercialize plastic waste to diesel like fuel.

Indexed as

Continuous hydroprocessingEngine trialsIonic liquidsPlastic pyrolysisPlastic wasteProcess innovation

Identifiers

PMID41698991
PMCPMC13000270

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.