ArticleScientific reports2026
An engineered M13 phage-rGO electrochemical biosensor for rapid detection of viral protein in complex matrices.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The demand for rapid and scalable biosensing technologies has motivated the development of antibody-free platforms capable of operating in complex sample environments. Here, we report an electrochemical biosensor based on engineered M13 bacteriophages displaying a SARS-CoV-2 spike S1-binding peptide immobilized on a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) transducer. The sensor employs a chemiresistive detection mechanism under a fixed low-voltage bias, enabling rapid electrical readout following target binding. Detection of S1 protein was achieved in buffer and in spiked complex matrices, including fetal bovine serum, pasteurized milk, and wastewater, demonstrating matrix tolerance under the tested conditions. The biosensor response is evaluated using a statistically defined binary detection criterion, with an operational limit of detection of 10⁻
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