ReviewJournal of general and family medicine2026
Sampling Methods and Sample Size Determination in Clinical Research: An Educational Review.
Review in Journal of general and family medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed.
- Understanding influences on health-seeking behaviours among persons cured of leprosy in the Godokpe community, Volta Region of Ghana: A qualitative descriptive study.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Statistical Reporting Quality in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Journals: A Comparative Analysis of SCI-E and TR Indexed Publications.The Eurasian journal of medicine · 2026Article
- Knowledge and awareness of epilepsy management, etiologies, and comorbidities among pediatricians in Palestine.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Factors associated with late HIV diagnosis among adults living with HIV in Oman: a 32-year ambidirectional cohort study at a tertiary referral hospital.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Clinician perspectives on preclinical radiology education: a qualitative study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Health information needs of women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a qualitative study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Exploring nursing students' perceptions of the clinical learning environment: a sequential mixed-methods study at two Moroccan institutes.BMC medical education · 2026Article
- Prevalence and associated factors of diabetic foot ulcer among patients with diabetes mellitus in Eastern Sudan: A cross-sectional study.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- De-implementation of unnecessary antibiotic use for upper respiratory tract infections in ambulatory HIV care in Mozambique: a two-arm parallel cluster-randomized controlled hybrid type II trial.Implementation science communications · 2026Article
- The association of artificial intelligence use on academic stress and academic achievement among nursing students in palestine.BMC nursing · 2026Article
- How health systems factors, socioeconomic status, and care-seeking practices influence the cost of rotavirus-related diarrhea care in Mukuru informal settlements, Kenya.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Acupuncture-Related Needlestick Injuries Among Healthcare Workers in China: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study.Journal of multidisciplinary healthcare · 2026Article
- Predictors of psychological distress among Afghan and Syrian refugee women in Houston, Texas.Frontiers in global women's health · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Clinical research validity depends critically on sound sampling methodology and adequate sample size determination, yet many published studies demonstrate deficiencies in these fundamental aspects. This educational review addresses sampling techniques and sample size calculations in clinical research. The review covers probability sampling approaches, including simple random, systematic random, stratified, and cluster sampling methods, contrasting these with non-probability techniques such as convenience, purposive, snowball, and quota sampling. For each method, we discuss implementation strategies, inherent biases, and appropriate clinical applications. Sample size determination principles are presented across multiple study designs, encompassing cross-sectional prevalence studies, case-control investigations, cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, and correlational analyses. Key statistical concepts, including Type I and Type II errors, statistical power, effect size estimation, and variance considerations, are also explained. Additionally, some available software tools for sample size calculation are outlined to facilitate implementation. This review ultimately provides clinical researchers with essential knowledge to make informed methodological decisions that enhance study quality and contribute to the evidence base for healthcare decision-making.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.