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ArticleFrontiers in dental medicine2025

Performance evaluation of AI-based caries detection technology and its educational training module: a dual-phase investigation.

Jennie Caldwell, Krunal Parekh, Brandon Crowther, Chiraag Gohel, Roberta Pileggi, A Isabel Garcia, Mina Ghorbanifarajzadeh, Teresa A Dolan, Anita Gohel

Registry-linked trialAbstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Frontiers in dental medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07639749 (Diagnostic Accuracy of Artificial Intelligence Analysis Using Intraoral Photographs Versus Clinical Examination in White Spot Lesions Detection, Identification, And Scoring.), which is not on this map. Cited by 2 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT07639749 not yet recruitingnot on this mapstarted 2026, after this paper: background citation

Diagnostic Accuracy of Artificial Intelligence Analysis Using Intraoral Photographs Versus Clinical Examination in White Spot Lesions Detection, Identification, And Scoring.

Typeobservational_patient_registrySponsorCairo UniversityRan2026 to 2027Enrolled329ConditionsWhite Spot Lesion of ToothArmsArtificial Intelligence models (YOLO and MASK-RCNN)
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Jennie CaldwellDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, United States.
Krunal ParekhDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, United States.
Brandon CrowtherDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, United States.
Chiraag GohelDepartment of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Computational Biology Institute, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.
Roberta PileggiDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, United States.
A Isabel GarciaDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, United States.
Mina GhorbanifarajzadehDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, United States.
Teresa A DolanDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, United States.
Anita GohelDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, United States.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Purpose: This objective of the study was to assess the accuracy of an AI-based caries detection system, Overjet Caries Assist, or OCA, (Overjet Inc. Claymont, DE, USA) and to analyze the efficacy of the AI-based caries detection training module in teaching dental students radiographic diagnosis of dental caries. Methods: Two independent calibrated observers evaluated 1604 proximal surfaces of teeth on intraoral bitewing radiographs and compared the findings to the OCA caries detection module. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and diagnostic accuracy of the AI system were calculated. For the second part of the study, 82 first- and third-year dental students interpreted 10 intraoral bitewings for caries diagnosis before and after undergoing training with the OCA AI-caries detection training module. Non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to assess the difference between the students' learning before and after the Overjet module training. Results: The average sensitivity for enamel lesions was found to be 0.69, while the average sensitivity for dentinal lesions was found to be 0.91. The average specificity for enamel lesions was found to be 0.99, while the average specificity for dentinal lesions was found to be 0.98. There was a 43%-46% increase in students' ability to detect radiographic caries following the completion of the Overjet training module. Conclusion: The OCA module can be used as an effective tool for assisting diagnosis of caries among dental students. The Overjet training module is effective in training dental students' radiographic diagnosis of caries.

Indexed as

AI educationartificial intelligence (AI)cariesdental educationdiagnosisoral radiology

Identifiers

PMID41696690
PMCPMC12894254

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.