ArticleNeuro-oncology advances
Evaluation of sex differences in survival among glioblastoma patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Article in Neuro-oncology advances. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Modeling blood-brain barrier-glioblastoma interactions: implications for chemoresistance and therapeutic targeting.Fluids and barriers of the CNS · 2026Review
- The Metabolic Calibration of Female Immune Plasticity: From X-Linked Vulnerability to Precision Metabotyping.Biology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
26 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Sex differences in glioblastoma (GBM) are recognized, but their treatment implications remain unclear. Recent preclinical studies have characterized mechanisms of sex-biased anti-tumor immunity in GBM, and have found in murine models that males derive greater survival benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI). We evaluated sex differences associated with ICI in GBM patients. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated consecutive patients with newly diagnosed GBM (nGBM) or recurrent GBM (rGBM) treated with ICI on clinical trials at one institution from 2014 to 2022. Progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis, univariate and multivariable regression models. Sex-by-treatment interactions were assessed relative to a concurrent reference group treated on non-ICI clinical trials. Results: 296 patients with nGBM (58% male, 19% ICI) and 458 patients with rGBM (60% male, 40% ICI) were evaluated. In nGBM, ICI was not associated with sex difference in PFS (HR Conclusion: In nGBM and rGBM, ICI therapy was not associated with sex difference in PFS or OS. Clinically meaningful sex-based outcome differences may be better understood by prospective evaluation in clinical trials.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.