Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41696096›Full record

ArticleWorld journal of diabetes2026

Corneal neuropathy: An overlooked biomarker for dry eye in type 2 diabetes.

Marco Zeppieri, Matteo Capobianco, Federico Visalli, Marieme Khouyyi, Caterina Gagliano, Francesco Cappellani

Abstract readEditorial
In one paragraph

Article in World journal of diabetes, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Marco ZeppieriDepartment of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, Udine 33100, Italy.
Matteo CapobiancoEye Clinic, Policlinico G. Rodolico, University of Catania, Catania 95121, Italy.
Federico VisalliDepartment of Ophthalmology, University of Catania, Catania 95123, Italy.
Marieme KhouyyiDepartment of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina 98121, Italy.
Caterina GaglianoDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna "Kore", Enna 94100, Italy.
Francesco CappellaniDepartment of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna "Kore", Enna 94100, Italy.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The article by Han and associates highlights a frequently neglected consequence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D): Dry eye disease associated with corneal neuropathy. Their findings indicate that patients with T2D exacerbated by dry eye disease exhibit substantial decreases in corneal nerve density, length, and count, accompanied by heightened tortuosity, all of which correlate strongly with clinical severity scores. This study contributes to the expanding literature that regards ocular surface disease not only as a secondary effect of systemic illness but also as a direct indication of neurovascular and metabolic impairment. Clinically, these findings underscore the importance of regularly evaluating dry eye in patients with T2D, extending beyond diabetic retinopathy, and incorporating ocular surface assessments into comprehensive diabetes management. This study demonstrates that the diabetic eye exhibits both tear film instability and corneal neurodegeneration, thereby expanding our understanding of diabetic eye disease and emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary care to preserve vision and improve quality of life.

Indexed as

Corneal neuropathyDry eye syndromeInflammatory biomarkersOcular surface disease biomarkersOxidative stressPrecision medicineType 2 diabetes

Identifiers

PMID41696096
PMCPMC12897443

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.