Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41695017›Full record

ArticleGeoHealth2026

Evaluating Antibiotic Resistance in Urban Rivers and Coral Reefs of Belize: Evidence for Hotspots and a Potential Screening Tool.

Ileana A Galdamez, Karina Jimenez, Marisol Cira, Katie Osborn, Mariam Ayad, Christine M Lee, Kai Patel, Bryan A Galdamez, Ashlyn Sloan, Alexis Shenkiryk and 9 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in GeoHealth, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Ileana A GaldamezDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8190-2097
Karina JimenezDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA.
Marisol CiraDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA.
Katie OsbornDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA.
Mariam AyadDepartment of Ocean Sciences University of California, Santa Cruz Santa Cruz CA USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3590-9348
Christine M LeeJet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1615-236X
Kai PatelDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA.
Bryan A GaldamezDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA.
Ashlyn SloanDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2128-7907
Alexis ShenkirykDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA.
Taylor CasonDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA.
Nicole Auil GomezWildlife Conservation Society Belize City Belize.
Myles PhillipsWildlife Conservation Society Belize City Belize.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3241-9618
Samir RosadoCoastal & Marine Data Centre Coastal Zone Management Authority & Institute Belize City Belize.
Andria RosadoCoastal & Marine Data Centre Coastal Zone Management Authority & Institute Belize City Belize.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4920-1206
Deepak R MishraDepartment of Geography Center for Geospatial Research University of Georgia Athens GA USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8192-7681
Emil A CherringtonEarth System Science Center University of Alabama in Huntsville Huntsville AL USA.
Robert GriffinEarth System Science Center University of Alabama in Huntsville Huntsville AL USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5665-700X
Jennifer A JayDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance is a significant threat to global public health and can disproportionately affect low- and middle- income countries (LMICs). There is a lack of studies focusing on antibiotic resistance in coral reef regions and environmental reservoirs in Central America. This study followed modified World Health Organization (WHO)'s Global Tricycle Surveillance protocols for the environmental sector to address these gaps. Water samples were collected from key areas in the lower Belize River, including above and below the Belize City, an open fish market, and sewage lagoon outfall, and coral reefs. Water samples underwent qPCR analysis for a suite of antibiotic resistance gene classes (sul1, sul2, ermF, tetA, and blaSHV), intI1, and 16S rRNA. Additionally, a subset of samples were tested for extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)

Identifiers

PMID41695017
PMCPMC12905505

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.