ArticleIJU case reports2026
A Case of Cytokine Release Syndrome Induced by Avelumab and Axitinib Combination Therapy for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma.
Article in IJU case reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a rare immune-related adverse event of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). At present, its association with avelumab-axitinib therapy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has yet to be reported. Differentiating early CRS from an infusion-related reaction (IRR) is clinically challenging, particularly in the context of concurrent coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Case Presentation: A 76-year-old woman with recurrent RCC developed chills, hypotension requiring norepinephrine, and hypoxemia within hours of her first avelumab infusion. Despite IRR-directed therapy, the patient's condition worsened. Laboratory evaluation revealed markedly elevated Interleukin-6 with normal C-reactive protein, elevated procalcitonin levels, and negative cultures, supporting cytokine-driven inflammation. COVID-19 was detected and the clinical trajectory suggested CRS amplification. The patient was successfully treated with corticosteroids and tocilizumab. Conclusion: This is the first report of CRS associated with avelumab-axitinib therapy in RCC and highlights the importance of early recognition and distinction from IRR, especially when COVID-19 coexists.
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