ArticlePediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism2025
Environmental triggers of pediatric type 1 diabetes: A protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis on the impact of COVID-19 infection and vaccination.
Article in Pediatric endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
introductionThe study aimed to systematically evaluate whether coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection and/or vaccination act as environmental triggers for new-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D) in children and adolescents. MATERIAL AND
methodsWe will conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library will be searched for studies from 2020 onward. Eligible studies must report new-onset T1D in individuals aged 0-19 years following confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccination, with a clearly defined comparator group. Data will be extracted using the Population-Exposure-Comparator-Outcome (PECO) framework, aiming to capture diabetes incidence, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) severity, immunologic and genetic markers, direction of effect, and potential confounders. Risk of bias will be assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and GRADE will be used to assess certainty of evidence. A random-effects meta-analysis will be conducted if appropriate. EXPECTED
resultsWe anticipate mapping the direction of effect (-, ¯, mixed, or = no difference) for each exposure-outcome pair, and identifying gaps related to immunologic markers, diagnostic timing, and confounding factors.
conclusionsThis review will provide a comprehensive synthesis of evidence on infection- and vaccine-triggered pediatric T1D, informing future prospective studies and surveillance efforts.
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