ArticleACS applied materials & interfaces2026
Exploring Injectable Scaffolded Spheroids for Nucleus Pulposus Therapy in Degenerated Intervertebral Discs.
Article in ACS applied materials & interfaces, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Cell-based therapies for intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) treatment face significant challenges, including cell damage from injection-induced shear stress and poor survival in the harsh, nutrient-depleted microenvironment of the intervertebral disc. To overcome these challenges, we developed scaffolded spheroids (S-SPH) by integrating human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell (hBMSC) spheroids (SPH) into microscaffolds (MS) produced via high-resolution 3D printing, thereby forming injectable tissue-building blocks. We optimized cell seeding density (∼2000 cells/spheroid) and MS fabrication parameters and induced nucleus pulposus (NP)-like differentiation using growth differentiation factor-5 (GDF5) under both normoxic and hypoxic, low-glucose conditions mimicking a healthy
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