ArticleTropical medicine and health2026
Global burden and trends of rheumatoid arthritis attributable to smoking from 1990 to 2021 with forecasts to 2050.
Article in Tropical medicine and health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSmoking is a key modifiable risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to assess the global burden of RA attributable to smoking and analyze its spatiotemporal trends from 1990 to 2021, with forecasts to 2050.
methodsUsing data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, we extracted deaths, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and age-standardized rates (ASRs) for RA attributable to smoking across 204 countries and regions. Analyses were stratified by age, sex, socio-demographic index (SDI), and region. Temporal trends were assessed using estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), and future burden was projected using ARIMA models.
resultsFrom 1990 to 2021, global deaths and DALYs due to RA attributable to smoking increased by 26.3% and 48.1%, respectively, reaching 2,264 deaths (95% UI: 1509-2911) and 215,780 DALYs (95% UI: 147,153-300,761) in 2021. However, the corresponding ASRs declined, with ASDR falling from 0.05 to 0.03 per 100,000 and ASRDALYs from 3.44 to 2.48 per 100,000. The burden was higher among males, the elderly, and middle-to-high SDI regions. Males had 2.42 times more deaths and 1.68 times more DALYs than females. Forecasts indicate continued increases in absolute deaths and DALYs through 2050, despite declining ASRs.
conclusionThe global burden of RA attributable to smoking remains substantial and is projected to grow. Targeted tobacco control and public health strategies are urgently needed to mitigate this preventable cause of RA.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.