ArticleBMC anesthesiology2026
The 90% effective dose (ED
Article in BMC anesthesiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundEsketamine and remimazolam co-administration presents a viable opioid-free anesthetic alternative for outpatient hysteroscopy. This study was designed to ascertain the ED90 of esketamine for inhibiting intraoperative movement responses in patients undergoing ambulatory hysteroscopy.
methodsFrom February 2024 to May 2024, 50 patients undergoing ambulatory hysteroscopy were enrolled. An anesthetic regimen combining esketamine and remimazolam with 50 mg flurbiprofen axetil was employed. The initial esketamine dose was 0.3 mg/kg, with subsequent doses determined using a biased-coin design (9:1). The primary endpoint was the ED90 of esketamine for inhibiting movement responses. Secondary outcomes included anesthesia recovery time, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores, and adverse events.
resultsThe ED90 of esketamine was 0.405 mg/kg (95% CI: 0.370–0.494). Mean anesthesia recovery time was 12.1 ± 2.0 min. No respiratory depression, hypertension, hypotension, or bradycardia occurred. Mild dizziness was observed in 38% of patients; other adverse events (postoperative nausea and vomiting 4%, coughing 4%, hiccups 4%, transient diplopia 2%) resolved spontaneously. Postoperative VAS scores ranged from 0 to 4 at PACU admission (4% reporting 4), decreasing to 0–1 within four hours.
conclusionsIn ambulatory hysteroscopy under remimazolam-based anesthesia with preemptive analgesia using flurbiprofen axetil, the ED90 of esketamine required to suppress intraoperative body movement was 0.405 mg/kg (95% CI: 0.370–0.494).
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