ArticleBMC infectious diseases2026
Prevalence of respiratory viruses and nasal colonization by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria among people living with HIV in Ghana.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Respiratory infections are prevalent among individuals with compromised immune systems. While these infections are typically self-limiting, they can cause severe morbidity and mortality among immunocompromised individuals, particularly people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH). Despite the substantial burden of HIV in the sub-Saharan region, there is scarcity of data on respiratory infections among PLWH. Therefore, we carried out a cross-sectional study among PLWH on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in three hospitals in the Greater Accra region of Ghana from January to May 2023. Participants' HIV serostatus was confirmed, and HIV type was determined using Multisure HIV Rapid Test kit (MP Diagnostics). The plasma HIV viral load was measured for each participant. We collected nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab for the detection of bacterial or viral respiratory pathogens. Real time polymerase chain reaction, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were employed. The zone of inhibition for the antimicrobial testing was interpreted according to the CLSI guidelines (CLSI, 2023), 33rd Edition (CLSI_M100-Ed33). Among the 240 participants enrolled, 32% tested positive for at least one respiratory pathogen, while 28% harboured at least one respiratory bacterium. The predominant virus was human coronavirus the Netherlands 63 (HCoV-NL63) detected in 52 (21.7%) participants, Staphylococcus aureus was the prevalent bacteria in 38 (15.8%) of the participants. Notably, we observed the highest co-occurrence (39.1%) of NL63 and S. aureus. We also observed antimicrobial resistant bacteria, particularly against Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, cephalosporins, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin-clavulanate. The prevalence of respiratory virus or bacteria was not associated with HIV viral load or respiratory symptoms. Bacteria isolated from the nose tended to be antimicrobial resistant.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.