Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41690147›Full record

ArticleVision research2026

Recovery of depth perception in adults with abnormal binocular vision.

Jian Ding, Michelle Y Ma, Hilary H Lu, Benjamin T Backus, Dennis M Levi

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Vision research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Jian DingHerbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science and the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2020, USA. Electronic address: jian.ding@berkeley.edu.
Michelle Y MaHerbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science and the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2020, USA.
Hilary H LuHerbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science and the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2020, USA.
Benjamin T BackusVivid Vision, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA; State University of New York College of Optometry, NY, USA.
Dennis M LeviHerbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science and the Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-2020, USA.

Funding

A New Approach to Restoring Visual Acuity and Stereopsis in Adults with AmblyopiaR01EY020976 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY · PI BANKS, MARTIN S, BAVELIER, DAPHNE I · 2010 to 2020
$4.7M
Depth perception in normal and abnormal visionR01EY030544 · NEI · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA BERKELEY · PI DING, JIAN · 2020 to 2023
$1.4M
NEI NIH HHS R01 EY020976NEI NIH HHS R01 EY030544
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Our goal in this study was to determine the efficacy, time course and mechanisms underlying the improvement of stereo vision using 3D virtual reality (VR) games to improve depth perception in adults with a history of abnormal early visual experience due to strabismus, anisometropia and/or amblyopia. Participants engaged in 30 home-based training sessions, supplemented by 5 in-lab assessments to monitor progress. The training protocol utilized a diverse set of VR games targeting stereoacuity, anti-suppression, and binocular alignment. The stereo training games employed various depth cues to facilitate stereo vision recovery. Clinical, psychophysical and virtual reality tests were conducted to evaluate changes in stereoacuity, binocular balance, and interocular alignment. Results revealed significant improvements in stereoacuity for most participants following training, whereas outcomes for binocular balance and ocular alignment were more variable. Together, these findings suggest that VR-based training can reliably enhance stereoacuity in adults with abnormal visual histories, though individual variability highlights the need for personalized approaches and further investigation of underlying mechanisms.

Indexed as

AmblyopiaAnisometropiaDepth PerceptionStrabismusVideo GamesVision, BinocularAdultFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedVirtual RealityVisual AcuityYoung AdultAmblyopiaAnisometropiaPerceptual learningStereo trainingStrabismusVirtual Reality

Identifiers

PMID41690147
PMCPMC13374610

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.