ArticleTropical animal health and production2026
Assessment of Moringa oleifera and Clitoria ternatea as non-conventional protein sources: chemical composition, greenhouse gas production, and rumen fermentation.
Article in Tropical animal health and production, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The objective of the present study was to compare the chemical and mineral composition of Moringa oleifera and Clitoria ternatea as non-conventional protein sources with Medicago sativa as a conventional source, and to evaluate their effects on the in vitro ruminal fermentation profile and the production of total gas (TG), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) during a 72 h incubation period. The chemical and mineral composition differed among species (p ≤ 0.023), which was associated with differentiated responses in ruminal fermentation and gas production. C. ternatea recorded higher concentrations of crude protein, magnesium, and iron; Moringa oleifera showed lower contents of neutral and acid detergent fiber and higher concentrations of ether extract, non-structural carbohydrates, total digestible nutrients, and relative forage value; whereas M. sativa presented the highest concentrations of potassium, calcium, and manganese. In the kinetic parameters, M. sativa showed a greater asymptotic production of TG and higher productions of TG, CO2, and CH4 per unit of dry matter compared with M. oleifera and C. ternatea (p ≤ 0.007). In contrast, C. ternatea exhibited the lowest asymptotic gas production and lower gas volumes throughout incubation, while M. oleifera recorded longer lag times and the lowest proportion of CH4 relative to TG (p ≤ 0.009). In the ruminal fermentation profile, pH was slightly higher in C. ternatea, dry matter degradability, microbial biomass production, and partitioning factor were greater in M. oleifera, and metabolizable energy and short-chain fatty acid values were higher in M. sativa (p ≤ 0.023). Overall, these results indicate that M. oleifera and C. ternatea represent viable non-conventional protein alternatives for ruminants, with a favorable fermentative profile and potential to mitigate CH₄ production without compromising ruminal fermentation efficiency.
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