Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41689484›Full record

ArticleNicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco2026

Effectiveness and implementation of an indigenous-led mailed smoking cessation intervention for aboriginal and torres strait islander people: outcomes of a hybrid type 1 trial.

Michelle Kennedy, Kade Booth, Jamie Bryant, Felicity Collis, Kayden Roberts-Barker, Zabowie Mills, Billie Bonevski, Raglan Maddox, Catherine Chamberlain, Catherine Segan and 2 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. BMJ open · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Michelle KennedySchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-9691-068X
Kade BoothSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-9073-3915
Jamie BryantSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.ORCID 0000-0001-9378-5852
Felicity CollisSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
Kayden Roberts-BarkerSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
Zabowie MillsSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia.
Billie BonevskiFlinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, 5042, SA, Australia.
Raglan MaddoxYardhura Walani, National Centre for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Wellbeing Research, Australian National University, 2601, ACT, Canberra, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-2770-0686
Catherine ChamberlainOnemda Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health and Wellbeing, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
Catherine SeganOnemda Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health and Wellbeing, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, VIC, Australia.
Chris DoranCluster for Resilience and Well-being, Appleton and Manna Institutes, Central Queensland University, Level 4, 160 Ann Street, Brisbane, 4000 QLD, Australia.
Lucy LeighHunter Medical Research Institute, Lot 1 Kookaburra Cct, New Lambton Heights NSW 2305, Australia.

Funding

Hunter Medical Research InstituteMedical Research Future Fund Indigenous Health 2025024National Health and Medical Research Council Investigator Fellowship 2032970
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionAboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people report disproportionately high rates of tobacco use, driven by the tobacco industry and sustained through coloniality. A gap remains regarding the effectiveness of culturally tailored, community-led cessation strategies.

methodsA pre-post hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation trial was conducted across NSW, ACT, and Victoria, Australia. Eligible participants identified as Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander, current daily smokers aged ≥16 years and willing to quit in the next 30 days. Participants received the Quit Pack intervention, consisting of mailed cessation resources, free combination nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), and behavioral support. Surveys were completed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Data were collected between October 2023 and February 2025. Intention-to-treat (ITT) and complete case (CC) analyzes were conducted.

resultsA total of 722 participants were included. At 6-months follow-up, 16% reported 7-day PPA in the ITT analysis (39% CC). At 3-months follow-up, 23% reported 7-day PPA (ITT; 44% CC). At 6-months, continuous abstinence was reported by 11% of participants (30% CC), and 30% of participants reported making a quit attempt lasting at least 24 hours (97% CC). Almost all participants (97.5%) requested NRT at baseline, and 96% reported using NRT at 3 months. Intervention acceptability was high; 88% rated receiving free NRT and having it mailed home as very important.

conclusionsThis Indigenous-led cessation trial, the largest conducted in Australia to date, demonstrates the acceptability and potential effectiveness of culturally responsive mailed cessation support incorporating combination NRT. Findings support national expansion of the intervention. IMPLICATIONS: Urgent investment in cessation supports are required to address the significant burden of disease caused by tobacco on the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Quit Pack shows promise as both an acceptable and effective smoking cessation intervention for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in New South Wales, Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory. The program has potential to scale up country-wide with appropriate funding and partnerships with diverse Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities.

Indexed as

Smoking CessationAdultAustraliaAustralian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander PeoplesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedNicotine Replacement TherapyTobacco ControlAboriginal and Torres Strait Islander healthAustraliaIndigenous-led researchmailed interventionnicotine replacement therapysmoking cessation

Identifiers

PMID41689484
PMCPMC13389527

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.