Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41689412›Full record

SynthesisEuropean journal of neurology2026

Epidemiology and Economic Burden of Sleep Disorders in Europe.

Claudio L A Bassetti, Luisa S Welter, Mateo Montes-Martinez, Nikolai Mühlberger, Paul Boon, Thomas Berger, Günther Deuschl, Marjan Arvandi, Maria Konti, Maria Lolich and 5 more

Abstract readMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in European journal of neurology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Trial
  4. Review
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Claudio L A BassettiMedical Faculty, University of Bern and Neurology Department, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland.
Luisa S WelterDepartment of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.ORCID 0009-0003-1865-0124
Mateo Montes-MartinezDepartment of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
Nikolai MühlbergerInstitute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making and Health Technology Assessment, Department of Public Health and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT TIROL - University for Health Sciences and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria.
Paul BoonDepartment of Neurology, 4Brain Ghent University Hospital & Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Thomas BergerDepartment of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.ORCID 0000-0001-5626-1144
Günther DeuschlDepartment of Neurology, Christian Albrecht University, Kiel, Germany.
Marjan ArvandiInstitute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making and Health Technology Assessment, Department of Public Health and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT TIROL - University for Health Sciences and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria.
Maria KontiEuropean Academy of Neurology, Vienna, Austria.
Maria LolichEuropean Academy of Neurology, Vienna, Austria.
Evelina PajedieneDepartment of Neurology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
Rolf FronczekDepartment of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands.ORCID 0000-0002-1935-7603
Elena MoroDivision of Neurology, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, CHU of Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France.
Uwe SiebertInstitute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making and Health Technology Assessment, Department of Public Health and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT TIROL - University for Health Sciences and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria.ORCID 0000-0001-6425-7671
Richard DodelDepartment of Geriatric Medicine, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.

Funding

European Academy of Neurology
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundSleep and sleep disorders (SD) have a major impact on brain (neurological and psychiatric), body and societal health. Despite this, the epidemiological and economic burden of SD have not been sufficiently analyzed. This study investigates the epidemiology and costs of SD across 47 European countries and identifies knowledge gaps in the literature.

methodsSystematic literature reviews on PubMed (between January 2010 and April 2023) and expert communications identified relevant epidemiological and cost-of-illness (COI) studies on five major SD: insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome (RLS), and REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD). Four epidemiological parameters, including prevalence, were investigated. Economic analyses stratified direct, indirect, and informal care costs, and employed an imputation procedure that accounts for several country-specific economic factors. Costs were expressed as purchasing power parity (PPP)-adjusted 2019 Euros.

resultsEleven COI and six epidemiological studies were identified. Estimated prevalence for OSA, insomnia, RLS, narcolepsy, and RBD in the adult population was 18%, 10%, 3%, 0.03%, and 0.009%, respectively. Economic data were exclusively available for high-income Europe. OSA was the most costly SD (€184 billion), followed by insomnia (€158 billion), RLS (€79 billion), narcolepsy (€905 million), and RBD (€436 million). Direct and indirect costs contributed 48% and 52%, respectively, with no available data on informal care costs.

conclusionsThe unexpected high prevalence and substantial economic burden associated with SD contrast with the universally neglected role of sleep health and SD in public health strategies. More research on the burden of SD is needed.

Indexed as

Cost of IllnessHealth Care CostsSleep Wake DisordersEuropeHumansPrevalenceSystematic Reviews as Topiccost‐of‐illnessepidemiologyinsomniasleep apneasleep disorders

Identifiers

PMID41689412
PMCPMC12905625

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.