ArticleBMC oral health2026
Determinants of oral health literacy among adults aged 45 years and older with type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional comparative study.
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundOral health literacy (OHL) is important for oral health and self-care among people with diabetes, yet evidence comparing OHL across healthcare settings in Taiwan remains limited. This study compared OHL among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) recruited from a diabetes education clinic and a general dental clinic in southern Taiwan.
methodsA cross-sectional comparative study was conducted between February and December 2024. Adults aged 45 years and older with T2DM were recruited from a diabetes education clinic at a regional teaching hospital and from a community-based general dental clinic. OHL was assessed using the validated Mandarin version of the Oral Health Literacy–Adult Questionnaire (OHL-AQ; score range 0–17). Group differences were examined using Mann–Whitney U tests and chi-square tests, and additional bivariate analyses, including Kruskal–Wallis tests and Spearman’s correlations, were performed to describe OHL across selected characteristics.
resultsA total of 187 participants were included (diabetes education clinic: n = 115; dental clinic: n = 72). The overall mean OHL score was 11.37 ± 2.86. Participants recruited from the diabetes education clinic had higher mean OHL scores than those from the dental clinic (12.16 ± 2.45 vs. 10.11 ± 3.04; p < 0.001). Domain-level analyses showed higher scores in reading comprehension, numeracy, and listening comprehension in the diabetes education clinic group (all p ≤ 0.001), whereas the difference in decision-making was not statistically significant (p = 0.06). OHL scores also differed by clinical setting, educational attainment, and employment status.
conclusionsIn this sample of adults aged ≥ 45 years with T2DM in southern Taiwan, OHL differed across clinical settings, with higher OHL scores observed among participants recruited from a diabetes education clinic compared with a general dental clinic. Given the cross-sectional design and potential selection bias, findings should be interpreted as associations rather than causal effects. Further multi-center and longitudinal studies are warranted.
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