ReviewOrthopadie (Heidelberg, Germany)2026
[Posterior shoulder instability : Epidemiology, examination, and diagnostics].
Review in Orthopadie (Heidelberg, Germany), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
Posterior shoulder instability (PSI) is rare, accounting for 2-10% of all glenohumeral instabilities, and primarily affects young, physically active patients. Etiologically, traumatic, chronic-repetitive, and atraumatic-habitual forms are distinguished. Clinically, load-dependent posterior shoulder pain predominates, while a subjective feeling of instability is rarely reported. The Jerk and Kim tests are diagnostically decisive, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity for posteroinferior labral lesions; the modified O'Brien test can provide additional insight. The Stanmore and ABC classifications categorize PSI according to etiology and structural lesions, supporting treatment planning. Imaging diagnostics include radiographs to exclude major structural changes, CT to analyze bony factors such as glenoid retroversion, dysplasia, or bone defects, and MRI to detect typical posterior labral, capsular, and cartilage lesions.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.