Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41688766›Full record

ArticleJournal of gambling studies2026

The Prototype Willingness Model of Sports Betting: A Yearlong Within-Person Study of Young Adults.

Joseph Lambuth, Dana M Litt, Melissa A Lewis, Ty W Lostutter, Scott Graupensperger

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Article in Journal of gambling studies, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Joseph LambuthPsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
Dana M LittSchool of Social Work, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
Melissa A LewisSchool of Social Work, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA.
Ty W LostutterPsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
Scott GraupenspergerPsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA. graups@uw.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8655-1190

Funding

Transform Dissemination and Implementation Science in CTSA ProgramsUL1TR002319 · NCATS · UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON · PI John K. Amory · 2017 to 2026
$100.0M
International Center for Responsible Gaming International Center for Responsible GamingNCATS NIH HHS UL1TR002319
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Burgeoning evidence of sports betting harms among young adults highlights the need to refine our understanding of psychosocial processes driving sports betting behavior. This study longitudinally examined sports betting patterns over time within the Prototype Willingness Model (PWM), a dual-process behavioral model comprised of both a reasoned and socially reactive component. Participants included 210 18-29 year olds (77.1% male; mean age 24.5) who reported placing at least two sports bets in the past month (at screening). Participants reported past two-week sports betting frequency (i.e., number of sports bets placed) and PWM cognitions (i.e., attitudes, normative perceptions, perceived vulnerability, prototype similarity, intentions, willingness) on 26 biweekly surveys covering a year-long study period. Findings generally support the PWM's application to sports betting at the within-person level for the reasoned and social reaction pathways. When attitudes and perceived friend approval of sports betting were higher than usual, participants reported greater intentions to sports bet. When prototype similarity and perceived friend engagement in sports betting were higher than usual, participants reported greater willingness to sports bet. Subsequently, intentions and willingness predicted sports betting frequency, reflecting mediation processes. This study provides foundational evidence for the development of adaptive prevention and intervention strategies - grounded in the PWM framework - to address the cognitive processes that facilitate risky sports betting behavior.

Indexed as

GamblingSportsAdolescentAdultFemaleHumansIntentionLongitudinal StudiesMaleModels, PsychologicalRisk-TakingYoung AdultBehavioral modelGamblingPrototype willingness modelSports bettingYoung adults

Identifiers

PMID41688766

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.