ArticleScientific reports2026
A scalable UWB-to-reconfigurable MIMO filtenna with single-varactor tuning and enhanced isolation for adaptive 5G and cognitive radio systems.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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3 authors.
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Abstract
This work presents a complete development framework that begins with a new fork-shaped ultra wideband (UWB) antenna. The antenna is designed, optimized, fabricated, and experimentally validated. The prototype achieves a very wide bandwidth extending from 2.4 to 8 GHz, with stable radiation behavior and high efficiency. Building on this design, a 4 × 4 UWB MIMO array is developed. The four elements are arranged orthogonally to enhance isolation and provide strong pattern diversity. Next, the UWB antenna is transformed into a frequency-reconfigurable filtering antenna (filtenna). A single varactor diode is embedded in a modified radiator to enable continuous tuning from 2.45 to 3.48 GHz. A stepped ground, inset feed, and RF-choke-based biasing network are added to achieve stable tuning and low-loss filtering. The fabricated prototype shows a clear frequency shift with excellent matching and good radiation efficiency. To extend the concept, 2 × 2 and 4 × 4 MIMO filtenna configurations are also developed. Each stage introduces further structural refinement, including inter-element decoupling lines, L-shaped ground extensions, π-shaped shared ground sections, and pairwise high-impedance biasing networks. These features significantly enhance isolation and suppress surface-wave coupling. The proposed MIMO designs provide outstanding diversity performance. An envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of approximately 10−2, a diversity gain close to 10 dB, and a channel capacity loss of less than 0.1 bits/s/Hz are accomplished. Additionally, the antenna exhibits deep total active reflection coefficient (TARC) nulls near − 15 dB, along with mean effective gain (MEG) values that are well-balanced around − 3 dB. Taken as a whole, the results confirm that the developed UWB antenna, its reconfigurable filtenna derivative, and their 2 × 2 and 4 × 4 MIMO extensions form a compact, low-loss, and highly efficient solution for next-generation 5G and cognitive radio systems.
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