Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41686304›Full record

SynthesisJournal of neurology2026

Clinical risk factors for post-traumatic seizures: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Edoardo Viaroli, Conor Gillespie, Harry Mee, Youssef Chedid, Samuel Corper, Alexis Joannides, David Menon, Midhun Mohan, Edward Needham, Virginia Newcombe and 4 more

Abstract readMeta-AnalysisSystematic Review
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Journal of neurology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

14 authors.

Edoardo ViaroliDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. edo.viaroli@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7318-4846
Conor GillespieDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Harry MeeDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Youssef ChedidDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Samuel CorperDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Alexis JoannidesDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
David MenonDirector of Research, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Midhun MohanDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Edward NeedhamDepartment of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK.
Virginia NewcombeDepartment of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK.
Franco ServadeiGlobal Neurosurgery Programme, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milano, Milan, Italy.
Ivan TimofeevDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Angelos KoliasDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Peter J A HutchinsonDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPost-traumatic seizure (PTS) is a significant complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI), associated with unfavourable outcomes. However, reported risk factors for PTS are inconsistent, and considerable variation exists in clinical practice regarding seizure prophylaxis. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify and evaluate the risk factors for early and late PTS in adults.

methodsA systematic search was conducted on PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for studies published from 1975 to November 2024, investigating risk factors for PTS in adults with TBI. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021287959). Two independent reviewers screened studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool. A narrative synthesis and random-effects meta-analysis were performed to pool data on PTS incidence and key risk factors.

resultsFrom 13,999 records identified, 11 studies involving 242,803 patients were included. The pooled incidence of PTS was 7.2% (95% CI 5.4-9.3, I

conclusionThis systematic review highlights that while individual high-quality studies identify severe TBI, ASDH, contusions and age as key risk factors for PTS, significant heterogeneity and inadequate definitions of seizure occurrence across studies complicates definitive conclusions from meta-analysis. The high overall incidence of PTS underscores the need for better risk stratification models to guide targeted prophylactic strategies, to be achieved through large, prospective, multicentre studies randomised clinical trials [36].

Indexed as

Brain Injuries, TraumaticEpilepsy, Post-TraumaticSeizuresHumansRisk FactorsClinical PredictorsNeurotrauma EpidemiologyPost-Traumatic EpilepsyPost-Traumatic SeizuresTraumatic Brain Injury

Identifiers

PMID41686304

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.