ReviewThe Journal of infectious diseases2026
Immune Responses to Phage Therapy in Humans: A Review.
Review in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Anti-phage defense systems in bacteria: molecular mechanisms and their role in shaping phage therapy strategies.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- Approaching the post-antibiotic era: phage therapy current practices and future horizons.mBio · 2026Review
- Antibodies targeting phage fiber and nozzle proteins impair Acinetobacter baumannii phage therapy by blocking infection and promoting immune clearance.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- From hype to hope: reanimating phage therapy through evidence-based multidisciplinarity.Nature communications · 2026Review
- Harnessing phages in the age of antibiotic resistance: immunological perspectives.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Phage therapy againstFrontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This review explores mammalian immune responses to phages with a particular emphasis on human immune responses to therapeutic phages and their potential implications for the outcomes of phage therapy. Despite the ubiquity of phages in the human microbiome, particularly in the gut (the phageome), research on immunological mechanisms governing immune responses to both endogenous and therapeutic phages are still in their infancy. We highlight key components of the immune system that contribute to clearance of phages in vivo and examine how various factors- including patient-specific variables, treatment regimens and phage characteristics can influence immune responses and, consequently, phage pharmacokinetics during therapy. A clearer understanding of human immune responses to phages is urgently needed to inform the development of more targeted and effective personalized phage therapies-an essential step in combating the escalating threat of antimicrobial resistance.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.