ArticleMalariaWorld journal2026
Redefining the Wash Resistance Index to predict insecticidal durability of mosquito nets.
Article in MalariaWorld journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Household washing agents and insecticide-treated net bioefficacy: evidence from a rapid review and laboratory evaluation.MalariaWorld journal · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are a core malaria vector control intervention recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). To obtain WHO endorsement, ITNs must demonstrate sustained bio-efficacy after repeated washing through standardised laboratory and semi-field evaluations. Wash resistance (WR) is typically evaluated over 20 washes (WR20) to approximate three years of use. Routine WR20 testing is impractical for quality control. To address this, the Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council (CIPAC) introduced the Wash Retention Index (WRI), based on four consecutive daily washes. The WRI was defined as the fourth root of the ratio of insecticide content after four washes to the initial content and adopted as a quality-control specification. This article examines the WRI and the prediction of WR20 when including or excluding the first wash with the aim to define a WRI method that more accurately reflects WR20, while remaining practical. Because surface insecticide may increase during storage due to diffusion from the polymer, the effect of excluding the first wash from index calculations to reduce storage-related variability was assessed. Materials and Methods: WR data were extracted from WHO Pesticide Evaluation Scheme (WHOPES) reports, and WRI values calculated assuming 1-day washing intervals. Additional data were generated from polyester and polyethylene nets with insecticide content quantified. Results: When WR20 was regressed on WRI (including the first wash), the model fit was weaker and significant effects of insecticide chemistry and polymer were retained, indicating that WRI does not capture intrinsic wash-off kinetics. In contrast, new WR (excluding the first wash) explained more variance in WR20 (adjusted R Conclusions: Excluding the first wash from WRI improves prediction of WR20. First-wash loss reflects production and storage effects rather than intrinsic wash resistance. Wash resistance can be more intuitively expressed as the Wash-Off Rate Index (WORI), representing average wash-off between washes 1-5.
Identifiers
41684850PMC12892008What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.