Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41684678›Full record

ArticleFrontiers in microbiology2026

Genomic-based biosurveillance for avian influenza: whole genome sequencing from wild mallards sampled during autumn migration in 2022-2023 reveals a high co-infection rate on migration stopover site in Georgia.

Ana Papkiauri, Lela Urushadze, Tea Tevdoradze, Ketevan Sidamonidze, Giorgi Tomashvili, Mari Gavashelidze, Levan Ninua, Ivane Daraselia, Sopio Kiknavelidze, Nika Melikishvili and 8 more

Abstract read
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Article in Frontiers in microbiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

18 authors.

Ana PapkiauriNational Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Lela UrushadzeNational Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Tea TevdoradzeNational Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Ketevan SidamonidzeNational Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Giorgi TomashviliNational Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Mari GavashelidzeNational Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Levan NinuaCenter for Wildlife Disease Ecology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Ivane DaraseliaCenter for Wildlife Disease Ecology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Sopio KiknavelidzeCenter for Wildlife Disease Ecology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Nika MelikishviliCenter for Wildlife Disease Ecology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Bin HuGenomics and Bioanalytics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States.
Patrick ChainGenomics and Bioanalytics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States.
Kaetlyn GibsonGenomics and Bioanalytics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States.
Martha DixGenomics and Bioanalytics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States.
Valerie LiGenomics and Bioanalytics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States.
Jeanne FairModeling and Observation of Earth Systems, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States.
Jennifer OwenDepartment of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
Zurab JavakhishviliCenter for Wildlife Disease Ecology, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The Caucasus region, including Georgia, is an important intersection for migratory waterbirds, offering potential for avian influenza virus (AIV) transmission between populations from different geographic areas. In 2022 and 2023, wild ducks were sampled during autumn migration events in Georgia to study the genetic relationships and molecular characteristics of influenza strains. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were used to compare the sampled strains to reference sequences from Africa, Asia, and Europe, allowing assessment of genetic relationships and virus transmission between migratory birds. Protein language modeling identified potential co-infections. Of 225 duck samples, 128 tested positive for the influenza M gene. 55 influenza-positive samples underwent whole-genome sequencing, revealing significant diversity. Analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) segment showed notable differences among subtypes. Most samples were H6N1 and H6N6, but co-infections with combinations like H6H3, N8N1, N6H9, N2N6, and H9H6/N1N2 were also identified. These findings demonstrate the high variability of influenza viruses in migratory waterbirds in Georgia, including a notable rate of co-infections. Some samples exhibited uncommon genetic characteristics compared to other strains from the same year, suggesting Georgia's role as a mixing vessel for influenza viruses. This facilitates reassortment during co-infections and contributes to the genetic diversity observed across flyways.

Indexed as

avian influenza virusCaucasus regioncoinfectionsgenetic diversitymigratory flywaysmigratory wild birdsphylogenetic analysiswhole genome sequencing

Identifiers

PMID41684678
PMCPMC12891182

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