ArticleAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)2026
FomA-Containing Outer Membrane Vesicles of Fusobacterium Nucleatum Facilitate Bladder Cancer Lymphatic Metastasis via IL-6-Dependent M2b Macrophage Polarization.
Article in Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Microbiome-Shaped Metastatic Niches in Colorectal Cancer: Organ-Specific Patterns, Immune-Metabolic Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Translation.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- The role ofJournal of oral microbiology · 2026Review
- Bacterial extracellular vesicles as multifaceted regulators of human diseases and emerging therapeutic platforms.Theranostics · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
18 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) derived from the microbiota have emerged as key modulators of tumor progression and the immune microenvironment. However, the role of urinary microbiota and their associated OMVs proteins in the metastatic processes of bladder cancer (BCa) remains insufficiently understood. In this study, we investigated the impact of urinary microbiota on BCa progression and identified potential biomarkers within the urinary microbiome. We identified Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum) as a predominant member of the urinary microbiota. Proteomic analysis of F. nucleatum OMVs revealed the outer membrane protein FomA as the most abundant component. A FomA-deficient F. nucleatum mutant strain was generated to assess the relationship between FomA and lymph node (LN) metastasis. Mechanistically, FomA-containing OMVs directly engage Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), triggering the NF-κB signaling pathway and upregulating interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression. Elevated IL-6 induces M2b macrophage polarization, which subsequently promotes the release of VEGF-C to facilitate LN metastasis. Furthermore, we identified pinocembrin, a natural flavonoid, as a potent inhibitor of the FomA-TLR2 interaction, effectively suppressing BCa progression. Collectively, our findings uncover a previously unrecognized microbiota-driven mechanism by which F. nucleatum-derived OMVs reprogram the tumor immune microenvironment toward a pro-metastatic state and highlight FomA as a promising therapeutic target.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.