Evidence map›Paper›PMID 41684214›Full record

ArticleJournal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines2026

Indirect genetic effects of siblings.

Mathias Valstad, Espen Moen Eilertsen, Ziada Ayorech, Rosa Cheesman, Perline Demange, Nikolai Haahjem Eftedal, Alexandra Havdahl, Eivind Ystrom

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In one paragraph

Article in Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Mathias ValstadDepartment of Psychology, PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.ORCID 0000-0002-1728-7541
Espen Moen EilertsenDepartment of Psychology, PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.ORCID 0000-0003-3444-4251
Ziada AyorechDepartment of Psychology, PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Rosa CheesmanDepartment of Psychology, PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Perline DemangeDepartment of Psychology, PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Nikolai Haahjem EftedalDepartment of Psychology, PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Alexandra HavdahlDepartment of Psychology, PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.ORCID 0000-0002-9268-0423
Eivind YstromDepartment of Psychology, PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.ORCID 0000-0003-4390-6171

Funding

Norges Forskningsråd 262177Norges Forskningsråd 326350
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundWithin-family designs are increasingly used to decompose genotype-trait associations into direct and indirect genetic effects. Many such designs, including trio designs or within-sibship designs, assume an absence of sibling indirect genetic effects.

methodsWe expand two well-known molecular genetic within-family designs, one variance component (genome-based restricted maximum likelihood) and one trait-based (structural equation modeling with polygenic indices), to estimate sibling indirect genetic effects, along with direct genetic effects. We link the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) to Norway's national education database to model genetic effects on national standardized testing results at ages 10, 13, and 14, and on parent-rated attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms at ages 3 and 8 in up to 15,971 genotyped and phenotyped siblings.

resultsEstimates of direct and indirect genetic effects from the genome-based restricted maximum likelihood and the structural equation modeling with polygenic indices approaches converge, albeit with the variance component estimates typically an order of magnitude greater than the trait-based estimates. We observe no indirect genetic effects of siblings on educational performance at any age, and only slightly negative indirect genetic effects of siblings on ADHD symptoms at age 3. We argue that the latter effect might reflect parental contrasting ratings.

conclusionsThe results suggest that within-family models of educational performance are unlikely to be drastically biased by an assumption of absent sibling indirect genetic effects. Combining trait-based analyses with variance component analyses can benefit understanding of indirect genetic effects, especially when the effects are not specific to a particular mechanism.

Indexed as

Attention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityModels, GeneticMultifactorial InheritanceSiblingsChildChild, PreschoolFemaleGenetic Risk ScoreHumansMaleNorwayADHDeducational performancegenome‐based maximum likelihoodindirect genetic effectsMoBapolygenic indicessiblings

Identifiers

PMID41684214
PMCPMC13341396

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.