ArticleInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
TP-ARMS: A Cost-Effective PCR-Based Genotyping System for Precision Breeding of Small InDels in Crops.
Article in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Accurate genotyping of small insertions and deletions (InDels; <5 bp) remains technically challenging in routine molecular breeding, largely due to the limited resolution of agarose gel electrophoresis and the labor-intensive nature of polyacrylamide-based assays. Here, we present the Tri-Primer Amplification Refractory Mutation System (TP-ARMS), a simple and cost-effective PCR-based strategy that enables high-resolution genotyping of small InDels using standard agarose gels. The TP-ARMS employs a universal reverse primer in combination with two allele-specific forward primers targeting insertion and deletion alleles, respectively. This design allows clear discrimination of homozygous and heterozygous genotypes using a two-tube PCR workflow. The method showed complete concordance with Sanger sequencing in detecting 1-5 bp InDels across multiple crop species, including rice (
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