ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences2026
Bridging Osteoimmunology and Regenerative Therapy: The Role of MSCs and Extracellular Vesicles.
Review in International journal of molecular sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Neuroimmune Regulation in Posttraumatic Bone Repair: From Inflammatory Transition to Neurovascular Coupling and Functional Recovery.Journal of cellular physiology · 2026Review
- Neuroimmune regulation of post-traumatic bone regeneration: focus on inflammatory switching and functional recovery.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Mammalian cell-derived extracellular vesicles remodel the immune-repair microenvironment in osteoarthritis: from pathological signal transmission to regenerative therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Bone homeostasis and regeneration depend on tightly regulated interactions between skeletal cells and the immune system within the bone microenvironment. Disruption of this crosstalk by ageing, chronic inflammation, or systemic disease contributes to osteoporosis, inflammatory bone loss, and impaired fracture healing. Osteoimmunology has reframed bone biology as an immune-regulated process, highlighting mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as central coordinators of bone-immune communication. Beyond their differentiation capacity, MSCs act primarily through paracrine mechanisms, releasing a secretome composed of soluble factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs) that modulate immune responses, regulate osteoblast and osteoclast activity, promote angiogenesis, and support extracellular matrix remodelling. MSC-derived EVs have emerged as key nanoscale mediators that transfer bioactive cargo to target cells in a context-dependent manner, enabling precise regulation of osteoimmune processes. This review summarises current knowledge on the role of MSCs in osteoimmunology, with a focus on how their secretome and EVs integrate immune modulation with bone regeneration. We discuss the mechanisms underlying MSC-mediated regulation of innate and adaptive immune cells, examine emerging cell-free therapeutic strategies based on secretome and EV delivery, and outline the main challenges that must be addressed to advance these approaches towards clinical application.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.