Phage Therapy in Plant Disease Management: 110 Years of History, Current Challenges, and Future Trends.

Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect and lyse bacterial cells. Since their discovery 110 years ago, they have held a unique place in microbiology, medicine, and agriculture as both scientific tools and potential therapeutic agents. The concept of employing phages to combat bacterial infections, known as phage therapy, predates the antibiotic era and has undergone cycles of enthusiasm, neglect, and revival. Initially explored in the early 20th century, phage therapy offered a targeted biological approach to bacterial disease control. However, the widespread adoption of antibiotics led to a significant reduction in phage research, which only regained momentum in recent decades owing to the global rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and increasing demand for environmentally sustainable disease management strategies. This review traces the complete timeline of this history, highlighting key milestones in phage discovery, molecular microbiology, the antibiotic era, and the resulting critical events that spurred the modern phage renaissance in plant disease management. Finally, the significance of cutting-edge integration of synthetic biology, advanced phage delivery systems, and artificial intelligence (AI), which could drive the development of next-generation biopesticides, is also discussed.