Delineating Bird Ecological Networks in Coastal Areas Based on Seasonal Variations and Ecological Guilds Differences.

Habitat fragmentation and human disturbance pose major challenges to bird movement and ecological connectivity, highlighting the need for effective ecological network construction in conservation planning. Although coastal ecological networks have received increasing attention, few studies have simultaneously examined seasonally explicit patterns, functional guild differences, and seasonally varying recreational disturbance. Using a coastal case study, we analyzed seasonal (spring, summer, autumn, winter) and guild-specific (wading birds, songbirds, raptors, and swimming birds) variations in bird ecological networks by integrating systematic field surveys (2023-2024) with citizen science records (2020-2025). Results indicated clear differences among guilds and seasons: swimming birds exhibited relatively complex and well-connected networks, whereas wading birds showed lower connectivity. Conservation priority areas varied markedly across seasons, being more extensive in spring (28.62%), autumn (23.69%), and winter (22.09%), but substantially reduced in summer (17.07%). Our findings provide a locally grounded reference for adaptive conservation planning in rapidly changing coastal landscapes, with particular attention to the protection and connectivity of coastal and estuarine wetlands for wading birds.