ArticleMaterials (Basel, Switzerland)2026
Effect of Surface Morphology Formed by Additive Manufacturing on the Adhesion of Dental Cements to Zirconia.
Article in Materials (Basel, Switzerland), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDurable bonding to zirconia remains difficult because its chemically inert surface resists acid etching. Additive manufacturing (AM) enables controlled surface morphology, which may enhance micromechanical retention without additional treatments.
methodsZirconia specimens with three AM-derived surface designs-(1) concave-convex hemispherical patterns, (2) concave hemispherical patterns, and (3) as-printed surfaces-were fabricated using a slurry-based 3D printing system and sintered at 1500 °C. Zirconia specimens fabricated by subtractive manufacturing using CAD/CAM systems, polished with 15 µm diamond lapping film and with or without subsequent alumina sandblasting, served as controls. Surface morphology was analyzed by FE-SEM, and shear bond strength (SBS) was tested after cementation with a resin-based luting agent.
resultsSEM revealed regular layered textures and designed hemispherical structures (~300 µm) in AM specimens, along with step-like irregularities (~40 µm) at layer boundaries. The concave-convex AM group showed significantly higher SBS than both sandblasted and polished subtractive-manufactured zirconia (
conclusionAM-derived zirconia surfaces can provide superior and reproducible micromechanical retention compared with conventional treatments. Further optimization of printing parameters and evaluation of long-term durability are needed for clinical application.
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