ArticleBMC complementary medicine and therapies2026
Biochemical and cellular effects of squalene on human gingival fibroblasts in an in vitro wound healing model.
Article in BMC complementary medicine and therapies, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSqualene, a natural isoprenoid and an intermediate in cholesterol synthesis, has anti-inflammatory and skin-protective effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of squalene on the cellular viability of human gingival fibroblasts (HGF), and wound closure, the expression levels of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), type-I and type-III collagen in an in vitro wound healing model.
methodsSqualene was used at concentrations of 10 µM (SQ1 Group) and 100 µM (SQ2 Group). The cell viability cytotoxicity to HGF was assessed using the MTT assay at 24, 48, and 72 hours. Scratch assay was used to evaluate wound healing at baseline, 24, 48, and 72 hours. The expressions of TGF-β, VEGF, type-I and type-III collagen were evaluated using the ELISA at 24, 48 and 72 hours.
resultsNo cytotoxic effects were observed in groups. A significant reduction in remaining wound area was observed in the SQ2 group at 24 hours and in both the SQ1 and SQ2 groups at 48 hours compared to the control group (p < 0.05). TGF-β was higher in the SQ2 group compared to the control group at 24 hours (p < 0.05), and at 48 hours, TGF-β levels in the SQ1 group were higher than both the control and SQ2 groups (p < 0.05). In type-I collagen, at 48 hours, both SQ1 and SQ2 groups exhibited higher levels compared to the control (p < 0.05). Type-III collagen levels were greater in the SQ1 group than in both the SQ2 and control groups at 48 hours (p < 0.05).
conclusionsConsidering its non-cytotoxic profile on HGF and its effects on TGF-β, type-I, and type-III collagen expression, squalene appears to facilitate wound healing by promoting wound closure.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.